The Effects Of Globalization On Contemporary And...

Globalization is the interaction among people, companies and governments of different nations. It is a process that is driven by international trade and investment but, is also supported by information technology (What is Globalization?). Large corporations have taken advantage of foreign markets by building factories in less developed countries and through using established marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international, industrial and financial business structure (What is Globalization?). In this essay, I am going to consider the effects of globalization on contemporary, developing and indigenous cultures. This will include looking at both the negative effects as well as the benefits of globalization on the world as a whole. Globalization is profoundly controversial. Some people argue that this international change allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living. Others claim that the creation of an international free market has only benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprise and cultures and by the exploitation of less developed countries (What is Globalization?). Firstly, Globalization has had a large effect on contemporary culture. For example, technological development is as a big part of globalization and has transformed many cultures from subsidence farming to commercial farming, raising cash fromShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Capital, inequality and injustice in Latin America, by Richard L. Harris817 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern to the extent of unlawful treatment such as conquering of land from indigenous people in most if not all third world countries. We have learned that most problems in the world are blamed on one word, globalization, but it takes several words to fix the ongoing problem of globalization and its affects. The capital and injustice in Latin America has shown to be one of the reasons for such concern of the extent globalization has taken with the lack of correspondence of human rights. UrbanizationRead MoreBook Report on Anthropology of Globalization by Lewellen1571 Words   |  7 PagesLearnings Chapters 1-2 o Contemporary globalization is an on-going process of not just economic flows, but also cultural flows—the increasing flow of trade, finance, culture, ideas, and people brought about by the technology of communication and travel and by the worldwide spread of neoliberal capitalism†¦ (7). o Globalization is a reality, as well as regionalization and localization. Neoliberal capitalism has a global dominance; regionalism, localization, and globalization form a single, unifiedRead MoreHybridity As The Cultural Effect Of Globalization- Introduction1563 Words   |  7 PagesHybridity as the cultural effect of globalization- Introduction According to Avtar Brah and Annie Coombes, the term hybridity originated as a biological term that was used to describe the outcome of a crossing of two or more plants or species. It is now a term that is used for a wide range of social and cultural phenomena involving mixing, and has become a key concept within cultural criticism and post-colonial theory (A. Brah and A.E. Coombes. 2000.). Marwan Kraidy defines the term as theRead MorePhl/215 Philosophy Matrix988 Words   |  4 PagesAmritanandamayiSiddhartha GautamaDalai LamaThich Nhat HanhPema ChodronLao TzuConfuciusAvicennaAverroes | Self-realizationUnity of mind and bodyHarmony of man and environment | Postcolonial | The synthesis of the disciplines of philosophy with the indigenous cultures of Africa, the Americas, and Asia | Colonization during the 18th and 19th centuriesAs countries gained freedom, their thinkers sought social justice and recognition. | Pan-African philosophyAfrican-American thoughtLatin American thought | SenghorHountondjiTutuKingHooksRead More The Disadvantages of Globalization1567 Words   |  7 Pages Globalization is a term that is difficult to define, as it covers many broad topics in the global arena. However, it can typically be attributed to the advancement of economic, social, and cultural interactions among the companies, citizens, organizations, and governments of nations; globalization also focuses on the interactions and integration of countries (The Levin Institute 2012). Many in the Western world promote globalization as a positive concept that allows growth and participation in aRead MoreState Theories And National Identity781 Words   |  4 Pagesreconstructed and the world has been changed because of the advance of globalization (Albrow, 1996). And some believe that national identity is a matter due to these changes. Firstly, it can be perceived that the national identity is going away when it meets up with expansion of the global village. The question is the manner in which, and this refers to the concept of identity with representation and characteristic of globalization. As was discussed before, identity is tightly linked with representationRead MoreRelationship Between An Organization, Its Environment And Affiliation1425 Words   |  6 PagesAn Organization, Its Environment And Affiliation To Globalization In Today s Modern Economy. This paper depends on association s inner and outer environment in today s present day economy. It likewise talks about the drivers of globalization and impacts of globalization on association s surroundings. Firstly, it is critical to comprehend the meaning of globalization as there are numerous definitions. Besides, the drivers of globalization are talked about in this exposition including the historyRead MoreGlobalization and the Northern Territory Intervention2148 Words   |  9 PagesGlobalization, a contested concept among leading theorists in its definition, chronology, and measurement of effects, is almost certainly of a multidimensional nature if such theorists’ perspectives are all taken equally into consideration. The broad phenomenon of globalization can therefore be scrutinised more closely by separation and analysis of individual dimensions, such as its political, economic, cultural and ecological dimensions. This approach, while allowing for a more focused examinationRead MoreRacism Is The Burden Of The Indigenous People Of Australia767 Words   |  4 Pages Racism is a global issue that is perpetuated by our ever-globalizing environment. With increased communication technologies cultures from continents that are oceans apart are now able to meet (Hogan 2012). More specifically within Australia racism has been the burden of the Indigenous people of Australia, since the countries discovered by the British. Indigenous Australians have been subject to policies and laws sort to convert them to integrate into the newly pronounced white country (FinlaysonRead MoreGlobalization and Its Affect on Racism1528 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization and its Effect on Racism Racism, in the Oxford English Dictionary, is defined as Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior, and, The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. The essence of both definitions seems to be that specific

Whats Wrong With Grass-Fed Beef

Although the production of feedlot beef is widely recognized as environmentally irresponsible, few people question the environmental impact of grass-fed beef. What many fail to recognize is that feedlots and other factory farming practices began because there was no other efficient way to produce large quantities of meat, eggs, and milk. Grass-fed beef may seem better because we are not wasting farmland to grow corn for the cattle to eat, but raising grass-fed cattle is not environmentally sustainable. Land Use Proponents of grass-fed beef argue that raising cows in pastures is more sustainable than raising cows in feedlots, but a cow in a pasture requires more land on which to live and does not grow as quickly as a grain-fed cow in a feedlot. The only way we can have cows grazing on vast pastures is if the majority of Americans do not eat grass-fed beef. If the practice cannot be scaled up and applied to hundreds of millions of people, it is not a sustainable solution to feedlot beef. The U.S. alone has 94.5 million cattle. One farmer estimates that it takes 2.5 to 35 acres of pasture, depending on the quality of the pasture, to raise a grass-fed cow. Using the more conservative figure of 2.5 acres of pasture, this means we need approximately 250 million acres to create grazing pastures for every cow in the U.S. Thats over 390,000 square miles, which is more than 10% of all the land in the U.S. While we might romantically imagine cattle being set out to graze previously unused grasslands, the fact is that the Amazon rainforest is being deforested to create grazing pastures for free-range, grass-fed organic beef. Allowing animals to scatter over a wide area also increases the number of resources required to manage the herd. Rounding up the animals, transporting the animals and protecting the animals from predators require more resources than managing cows in a feedlot. Also, allowing the cattle into more wild areas means that more predators - coyotes, bears, wolves and cougars - will be killed in an effort to protect ranching interests. â€Å"Marginal† Land Some proponents of grass-fed beef argue that cattle could be raised on â€Å"marginal† lands – lands that cannot be used for growing crops but can be used for growing grasses – so that the cows are not taking land away from human food production. Again, this is an infeasible solution. If the land is marginal, it will not be the high-quality pasture that can support a cow on a mere 2.5 acres. We are likely looking at the high end of the acreage estimate and would require 35 acres per cow, requiring approximately 3.5 billion acres of marginal land in which to raise 94.5 million grass-fed cows. This is 5.5 million square miles, more than the entire area of the United States. 50% more Greenhouse Gases Nathan Pelletier of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia estimates that pasture-raised beef results in 50% more greenhouse gasses than feedlot beef. Because the cows fatten up more slowly on grass, they eat more grass, emit more methane and nitrous-oxide than they would if they were eating grain in a feedlot. Also, most of those vast pastures are enhanced with fertilizers. Public Lands and Displacement of Wildlife Even where plentiful grasslands already exist, the cows will displace other animals and cause wildlife deaths. Predators are killed to protect grazing livestock. Wild horses are rounded up and sometimes killed because they compete with livestock for grass on public lands. The fences put up by cattle ranchers on public lands restrict the movement of wildlife, making it difficult for them to find food and water. Where cattle congregate at riverbanks, their waste pollutes the water and threatens the fish. While ranchers pay for the right to graze their cattle on public lands, the amounts paid do not cover all of the costs. All American taxpayers subsidize cattle being raised on public lands, as well as factory farmed animal products. We don’t need more cows grazing on public lands; we need fewer cows. Grass-Fed is Still Crop-Fed Grass-fed cattle must eat crops when grass is unavailable in the winter or during droughts. The crops will consist of hay and grasses, but will still take land away from the production of crops that could be fed to people directly. What is the Solution to Feedlot Beef? Feeding plants to animals to produce meat is not only a violation of the animals’ rights to be free, but also very inefficient and environmentally harmful. Whether the cows eat corn in a feedlot or grass in a pasture, the production of beef is environmentally destructive. The solution is to not eat beef, or any animal products, and to go vegan.

Goodfellas - Content Analysis - 1121 Words

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyG2VKnUK4w Goodfellas – Club Scene content analysis Camera and Editing The scene starts with a close up of two character’s hands exchanging a set of car keys. Then the camera zooms out into a very brief establishing mid shot, showing three characters: two men and a woman. The main character, Henry Hill joins the woman, and the camera starts to track them from behind. They go down into the club’s basement, skipping the queue and walk through, what appears to be, a complicated kind of maze through the club’s kitchen and hallways. Already we can get a sense that the main character has something dark, mysterious and very underground about him. This is because he somehow has the power over these people†¦show more content†¦This is maybe to create the effect of a much calmer atmosphere. Though the club is still full of people and noise, in my opinion it is no way near as dramatic as the kitchen. At this point, Henry and is date are welcomed by another very powerful man. This man orders a table ‘down in front’ for the couple and then the camera pans left to show a waiter carrying this table. Though the camera is now not focusing on Henry and this other man, we still hear their voices loud and clear as if they were up close to the camera. This maybe makes the audience keep their attention on Henry because as we can still hear his voice, we know that he will be back on the camera once again soon. When the table is placed down at the front pretty close to the stage, Henry and his girl take their seats. Once they are settled, the girl asks ‘What exactly do you do?’ and he replies, ‘I’m in construction.’ We know quite well that Henry is not in construction, as people would not care to treat an ordinary builder like some royalty in a club. This tops off how effective this scene is. The audience has not been told directly what Henry does for a living, but what they do know, it must be something quite secretive, dark, dangerous and underground. Mise-En-Scene There were lots of characters and objects in this one shot scene and I think it made it easier for the director in some cases. This is because if there were any cuts, then the mise-en scene wouldShow MoreRelatedUnit 261278 Words   |  6 Pages|Using the analytical approaches of genre analysis, content analysis and auteur theory, create a |Ï  |P1 | | |detailed discussion of the gangster genre. | | | | | | | | | |You will look at the film Goodfellas, and extracts from The Godfather, ScarfaceRead MoreEssay on Music in Scorsese films2910 Words   |  12 PagesI believe that believe he practices what he preaches through this statement in his work. I will be analysing aspects in his work whereby the music works on a deeper level than just as a mood prompting tool, in films such as (The Departed,2006), (Goodfellas,1990),( Taxi Driver,1976) and( Raging Bull,1980) trying to understand the directorial thought process in the choice of the music as well as the desired effect on the audience. Scorsese carries the idea that â€Å"popular music has the potential to giveRead MoreThe Sopranos1696 Words   |  7 PagesPage 1 Now revised and expanded, including a very revealing radio interview with David Chase in April of 2008! *Dozens of new visuals on all 4 pages and new content (â€Å"Death and David Chase†) added to Part II. **Check out an incredible Sopranos tribute video at the end of page 4. *Note from author (December 6, 2010): Its been over three years since the finale of the Sopranos, yet the ending continues to be discussed and debated to this day. My piece has become more popular than I ever could haveRead MoreMedia Representation Of Art Crime3638 Words   |  15 Pagesin film and television and to illustrate that the artificial image of the ‘Hollywood art thief’ detracts from the understanding of and attitude towards the serious threat that art theft and illegal trafficking pose to the global community. This analysis has been done using research on art cases, crime theory and through the exploration of film and television having to do with crimes involving art. Hollywood scripts and television programming are filled with storylines of crime and criminal justice

Linguistic Imperialism - 5792 Words

The Linguistic imperialism of Robert Phillipson 1. Linguistic Imperialism 1.1 The spread of English The stated aim of Phillipson’s 1992 book Linguistic Imperialism was to set out how English became so dominant and why, and to examine the role ELT pedagogy had in contributing to it becoming â€Å"the international language par excellence in which the fate of most of the worlds millions is decided.† (Phillipson 1992 p.6) While many writers had tackled the question before no one had done so from the type of critical, socio-linguistic standpoint taken by Phillipson. Whereas for David Crystal, and other commentators, the rise of English is a largely neutral phenomenon, achieved â€Å"by repeatedly finding itself at the right place at the right†¦show more content†¦A practical example of linguicism given by Phillipson would be the allocation of resources or materials to one rather than another language or when a priority is given to one language for teacher training, curriculum development or school timetabling. According to Phillipson linguicism â€Å"refers exc lusively to ideologies and structures where language is the means for effecting or maintaining an unequal allocation of power and resources.† (ibid, p.55) Linguistic imperialism is a sub-form of linguicism, becoming manifest when â€Å"the dominance of English is asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages.† (ibid p.47) Accordingly Phillipson sees the English language in and of itself as neutral but its exploitation by colonial and neo-colonial powers to exert and perpetuate their hegemony ultimately makes it culpable by association. Phillipson follows Galtung’sShow MoreRelatedEnglish And English Linguistic Imperialism977 Words   |  4 Pagesthere has been much discussion on the issue of whether English users are the victims of linguistic imperialism. Historically, English was regarded as a lingua franca and it has the same function nowadays (Kachru, 1985, cited in Jenkins, 2014). In addition, linguistic imperialism is related to English in this essay. Although English users could profit from the spread of English and ‘English linguistic imperialism’ indeed brings some advantages, some others still hold the view that English users areRead MoreLinguistic imperialism in Brazil Essays1349 Words   |  6 PagesLinguistic imperialism is a concept used by scholar Robert Phillipson, he mostly spoke about the imperialism of the English language, although this concept can be applied to all the world’s major international languages with imperialistic origins, when the original population had to adopt the invader’s language because of the benefits that accrue to the speakers of the languages when the dominant language has been imposed (Phillipson 31). Linguistic imperialism in Latin America started with the ‘discovery’Read MoreRisk And A Form Of Linguistic Imperialism1509 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as a threat and it usually brings negative impacts to a person or an organisation. Hansson (2005) claims that many attempts have been made to define risk in a singl e meaning and eliminate other definitions which are futile and a form of ‘linguistic imperialism’. Since there is no exact meaning of risk, people describe risk based on their own perceptions and purposes. Perminova et al. (2008) and the Association of Project Management (APM) define risk as an uncertain event and exclusively negativeRead MorePartition and Scramble of Africa1582 Words   |  7 PagesGermany, Britain, France and Portugal. Africa was divided into 50 colonies without any regard for cultural and linguistic societies that were already established there which has led to conflicts between the independent African states after World War II. There were no representatives for the African states at the conference. THEORIES OF IMPERIALISM Conservative theory states that imperialism is necessary to maintain existing social order in more developed countries. In addition to secure trade marketsRead MoreThe Scramble for Africa Essay583 Words   |  3 Pagesover much land. The land they did have control over was costal; they were afraid to venture any further because of the high risk of malaria. Another factor was African tribes having a strong militaries. Africa was broken up into many ethnic and linguistic groups, each with their own religion. Some followed traditional beliefs while others converted to Islam and Christianity. Europeans and Africans traded some commodities such as gold, ivory, and spices. Africans kept Europeans under control and fromRead MoreEssay on Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures4270 Words   |  18 Pageshistorical time and the perpetual search for the determinants of a single, unified, and agreed meaning. The historical moment which saw the emergence of ?English? as an academic discipline also produced the nineteenth-century colonial form of imperialism (Batsleer et al. 1985: 14, 19-25). Gauri Viswanathan has presented strong arguments for relating the ?institutionalisation and subsequent valorisation of English literary study [to] a shape and an ideological content developed in the colonial contextRead More Colonialism and Imperialism - A Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darkness3270 Words   |  14 Pagesdarkness was here yesterday . . . savages, precious little to eat fit for a civilized man, nothing but Thames water to drink (9-10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Marlow, what is common between the Roman invasion and the British imperialism is a kind of mission without which the British imperialism would have been â€Å"just robbery with violence† (10).  Ã‚   Namely, Marlow focuses on an idea--an ideal slogan--which is employed to impose higher civilization on uncivilized world: What redeems it is the idea only .Read MoreThe Devastating Power of Western Colonialism Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesand status of the colonized is forever altered by the often cruel and violent actions taken by the colonizers during their initial struggle for influence, along with the long-term impacts that slavery, subjugation, cultural appropriation and linguistic imperialism have over a colonized region. Hegemonic rule and full-scale imperial endeavors defined English and France foreign affairs during the 19th and early 20th centuries. As the two largest imperialist superpowers of the time, France and BritainRead More Acco rding to Seamus Deane, Translations is a play about the tragedy1901 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Seamus Deane, Translations is a play about the tragedy of English Imperialism. How far would you agree with this statement in relation to both Translations and Heart of Darkness? INTRO Although the location, language and structure of Brian Friels Translations differs unmistakably from that of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, the topic of colonisation remains central to both. While the supposed sophistication of civilised colonists is deconstructed in Conrads novellaRead MoreA Passage Of India And The Relations Of Power10531 Words   |  43 Pageswill relinquish all his privileges (Abu Baker, 2006: 81). #According to Ngugi wa Thiong o in Decolonising the mind: the politics of language in African literature, he affirms that: The biggest weapon wielded and actually daily unleashed by imperialism against the collective defiance is the cultural bomb [†¦][which] annihilate people’s belief in their names, in their language, in their environment, in their heritage of struggle, in their unity, in their capacities and ultimately in themselves.

Marketing Channels - 3091 Words

Marketing channels Term paper Prepared by: Essam Eldin Khater †¢ Marketing Channels literature review To reach a target market, the marketer uses marketing channels. The marketer uses distribution channels to display, sell, or deliver the physical product or service(s) to the buyer or user. They include distributors, wholesalers, retailers, and agents. The marketer also uses service channels to carry out transactions with potential buyers. Service channels include warehouses, transportation companies, banks, and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design challenge in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and service channels for their offerings. Successful value†¦show more content†¦The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to satisfy this demand. Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged through process integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business. To streamline the supply chain and cut costs, many manufacturers and retailers have adopted efficient consumer response (ECR) practices to organize their relationships in three areas: (1) Demand side management or collaborative practices to stimulate consumer demand by promoting joint marketing and sales activities. (2) Supply side management or collaborative practices to optimize supply (with a focus on joint logistics and supply chain activities). (3) Enablers and integrators, or collaborative information technology and process improvement tools to support joint activities that reduce operational problems, allow greater standardization, and so on. Research has shown that although ECR has a positive impact onShow MoreRelatedMarketing Channels1096 Words   |  5 PagesCharlotte Langston Marketing Channels The marketing channel(s) that will be used to distribute that product and the reason why these channels were selected Our marketing channels which will be used to distribute the household cleaning products are direct and indirect to consumers and direct and indirect to businesses. Direct selling is a dynamic, vibrant, rapidly expanding channel of distribution for the marketing of cleaning products. Direct marketing presents the product and service directlyRead MoreMarketing Channels1247 Words   |  5 PagesDISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Distribution Channels and Their Impact on Marketing Strategies Name: Institution: DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Abstract This paper discusses the importance of choosing appropriate channel members and also identifies and discusses criteria that should be used by the car compact disc player manufacturer when evaluating potential intermediaries for the firm’s distribution channel. This is important for this firm since it’s only through these marketing channels that their productRead MoreMarketing Channel44625 Words   |  179 PagesChapter 12 Marketing Channels: Delivering Customer Value 1) Which of the following is NOT a typical supply chain member? A) resellers B) customers C) intermediaries D) government agencies E) raw materials supplier Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 337 Skill: Concept Objective: 12-1 2) ________ the manufacturer or service provider is the set of firms that supply the raw materials, components, parts, information, finances, and expertise needed to create a product or service. A) DownstreamRead MoreTypes of Channels in Marketing1288 Words   |  6 PagesChannel levels Most businesses use third parties or  intermediaries  to bring their products to market. They try to forge a distribution channel which can be defined as all the organisations through which a product must pass between its point of production and consumption Why does a business give the job of selling its products to intermediaries? After all, using intermediaries means giving up some control over how products are sold and who they are sold to. The answer lies in efficiency ofRead MoreThe Fashion Channel - Marketing962 Words   |  4 Pages# 2: The Fashion Channel Overview This document presents information about the conclusions that can be drawn from the consumer and market data based on ‘The Fashion Channel’ case study information (Stahl, 2007). In addition we will also look into the various pros and cons of the segmentation options for the Fashion Channel to increase their revenue stream. Analyzing the Data The Fashion Channel (TFC) was a successfulRead MoreMarketing Distribution Channel2287 Words   |  10 Pageschoosing distribution channels. Keegan and Schlegelmich (2001) explained that distribution channel can be considered as the method which is used for enterprises putting products into the market for consumers to use. The traditional distribution channel goes from supplier, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler and retailer (Frazier, 1999). Indirect and direct are two different types of distribution channels (Wilkinson, 2001). According to Silva (2008), â€Å"Well-chosen channels constitute a significantRead MoreNike ( Marketing Channel)2584 Words   |  11 PagesUniversity of Essex Business School BE-532 Marketing Channels Nike- Channel Strategy and Conflicts. Individual Report Submited to:Dr. Antonello Romano Name:Virena Georgieva Student ID:0948588 Introduction The main market quality athletic footwear, clothing, sportswear and equipment supplier in U.S. is NIKE. The company’s name, whichRead MoreMarketing Channels : An Effective Marketing Strategy1592 Words   |  7 Pagesto the company’s customer base (Pride, 2014). Marketing channels serve many facets and angles through its successive formation and provide the company with the ability to make products available to customers when and where they are needed, and in the exact amounts that they are needed (Pride, 2014). Marketing channels are also most useful tools for management because it is useful in a company’s development and establishment of an effective marketing strategy. Throughout this assignment the researchRead MoreInternational Marketing Channels - Orana Case5714 Words   |  23 Pages - Increased flexibility †Real options†: To take certain business initiatives and seize opportunities, especially in dynamic environments such as; quickly changing consumer preferences and segments, and high entry/exit of competitors, potential channel partners. - Uppsala model: In 1993 ORANA started its trade with Vietnam by using traditional exports and gradually moved to intensive and demanding operation modes, such as joint venture/production facility which was established in 2002, and nowRead More Marketing Channels Essay examples1066 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Channels The marketing channel(s) that will be used to distribute that product and the reason why these channels were selected Our marketing channels which will be used to distribute the household cleaning products are direct and indirect to consumers and direct and indirect to businesses. Direct selling is a dynamic, vibrant, rapidly expanding channel of distribution for the marketing of cleaning products. Direct marketing presents the product and service directly to consumers

Child Eyewitness Testimony Essay Example For Students

Child Eyewitness Testimony Essay In the last forty years, there has been a shift in courtroom proceedings. Lawyers are not only focusing their evidence on the scientific aspects of an event, but also on those who may have witnessed the actual event as well. Recently, the number of eyewitness appearances in the courtroom has increased, making statements about either a crime or an event that occurred in their presence. But how does the courtroom decide who is a legitimate witness to an event? Too often, age, race, education, and socio-economics play a major role in this decision. Here, we will discuss the age aspect of this problem in terms of child eyewitness testimony and its implications in the courtroom. We will write a custom essay on Child Eyewitness Testimony specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now More than 200,000 children may be involved in the legal system in any given year, and 13,000 of these children are preschool age. Often with these cases involving young children, issues arise concerning credibility, vulnerability, and memory retrieval. Studies have shown that preschool age children are quite capable of providing accurate testimony, but they are also more vulnerable to distorting this memory and testimony. Public and professional opinion about the credibility of children as witnesses in court cases has been sharply divided. On one side, it is contended that when children disclose details of a circumstance, they must be believed, no matter what techniques were used to obtain this disclosure. For example, if a child is asked whether or not he/she was abused, and to describe this incident, we must believe that child because children cannot possibly generate a false report of their own sexual victimization. The other side depicts children as being helpless sponges who soa k up the interviewers suggestions and regurgitate these propositions in court. These two extreme positions have led to a controversy over victims rights, legal issues, and psychological intentions. A child is capable of being influenced by numerous factors that adults may not be. Factors such as: emotional dilemmas, physical circumstances, authoritative input, underdeveloped encoding strategies that have not matured yet, childlike familiarity with situations (what situation may be normal for a child, may not be normal for a teenager), and the reporting strategies that children use are no doubtedly different that adults. Thus, suggestion plays a key role when determining what a child is saying, especially during interviewing techniques. This power of suggestion has been used as an anti-child eyewitness testimony force, which has prompted many officials and psychologists to further study this predicament. This suggestibility issue has thrown a wrench in the credibility aspects of children on the stand, leading to the depiction of children as liars and misleading witnesses. The bottom line that needs to be addressed with this controversy is that ANYONE, not just children, can be s uggested and misled. The importance of retrieval and memory coding strategies can affect all people on the witness stand, leading to the misinterpretaion of a statement that has been made by a witness. Studies have concluded through suggestive interviewing techniques and repeated questioning, people can be led to make untrue statements about central and peripheral details of an event. This often happens with children due to the fact that from a childs point of view, if he/she keeps getting asked certain questions over and over again, they seem to think that they are answering in a wrong way. Interviewer bias (this can be parent, therapist, or investigator) can also effect eyewitness statements as well. When an interviewer believes that they know what really happened during an event, it can be likely that the interviewer will attempt to get the child to confirm this event, ignoring anything that the child says that does not conform with this bias, while encouraging anything that does . Stereotype induction can also occur with childrens eyewitness accounts due to the fact that an interview can depict the accused perpetrator as a bad man. It has been shown that children can come to assume and report negative things about someone that they had previously heard described in negative terms. Encouraging a child to visualize or imagine has also been proven to be detrimental to the providing of accurate information about an event. Authority figures and peer pressure are also factors that can mislead a childs memory strategies as well. When all of these circumstances are taken into account, it is easy to see how influenced children can be when it comes to relaying information. But this should not be a final factor when deciding childrens influence in the courtroom. As stated before, anyone can be suggested, misled, and pressured, including adults, and studies have shown this. This data shows a need for the standardization of interviewing techniques when deciding eyewitne ss accounts. It is well known that children encode, store, retrieve, and retain memories differently than adults. But it is up to a qualified interview to release these memories in a positive way. The knowledge base that children use to understand their surroundings and situations can be investigated through proper interviewing and strategies that children are familiar with, such as drawing or play therapy. In many cases of falsified accounts that children have stated, it is often the case that the interviewer used misleading techniques, and unstandardized means of approaching this information. Studies have shown that when children are asked questions in neutral ways, with open ended questions, and unbiased interpreters, their statements were not only more detailed, but also remarkably accurate. Children who were left to answer in any fashion, with no time frame, answered questions in a precise and errorless manner. So the question remains, Can we rely on children? Under unbiased, h ighly trained, standardized ways of interviewing..the answer is yes. Clinicians who have had the training necessary to evaluate and judge are completely capable of interviewing these children because children are indeed competent and qualified to testify on the witness stand. Open ended questioning, yes-no questioning, selective questioning (man or woman) and identification questioning (what time was it?) are key ways of interviewing to provide for accurate recollection. And when a child is asked these questions in a neutral way, you can believe that they are telling the truth. .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 , .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .postImageUrl , .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 , .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4:hover , .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4:visited , .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4:active { border:0!important; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4:active , .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4 .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd5f36c438866ad4c93d2df8eec5bed4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harriet tubman was a runaway slave from maryland w EssayPsychology Essays

Teenage Violence In Schools Essay Example For Students

Teenage Violence In Schools Essay Page #1Teenage violence in schools has become a tremendous concern to many people. School violence over the past number of years has been increasing and family life, the things that occur in schools and the neighborhoods that the teenagers (that commit the crimes or violent acts) live in are some of the major factors. These are not necessarily the only causes to teenage violence. Family Lifestyle and the behavior of members within the family have been shown to have a direct affect on a teenagers behavior in school. A child can be influenced very easily by any older person, especially a family member, because he always looks up to that family member. If a person in the family is involved in a criminal activity then the children can be turned on by this and become interested in doing the same thing. If the guardian or parent of a teenager does not punish him for doing something wrong, this can only lead to repetition of the bad behavior. Failure to stop a child from doing something wrong could lead the child to believe that his behavior is acceptable. Also, a child thinks that the people that are supposed to love him dont even care that he is doing something bad so he will continue to do it. Teenagers also commit acts of violence to get their parents attention. If parents ignore what their teenagers are doing, then the teenagers will continue to do more negativ e things just to get their parents to notice them. Another reason why family lifestyle is a cause to teen violence is, if the teenager is abandoned at a young age than there is no one to teach him wrong and right (Kim 82). Page #2There are many different situations that can occur in school that can cause teenagers to do violent things. When a student has an argument with other students or a teacher that student may only know how to deal his anger by striking out. Often, teenagers do not know how to talk things out and instead, react violently. If a teenager doesnt like what someone (a faculty member or another student) has said to him, he might also let out his anger in violent ways. Sometimes, even if the other person has not done anything wrong to him, but rather to another person he can still get angry (school violence). The neighborhood that a teenager lives in can also cause him to be violent. If a teen lives in a bad neighborhood, where violent acts are going on all the time (besides for when he is in his house) and he will most probably be influenced by it (Kim 81). As a teenager sees more and more negative behavior happening daily in his surroundings, these behaviors will become acceptable and result in the teenager committing these same negative behaviors. Some of these negative behaviors include theft (lunch money, jewelry), vandalism, demands, threats, bullying, murder and rape (Kim 79). The following situations are examples of common behavior by teenagers; two boys did an act of vandalism in their school in New Jersey. The two boys vandalized their busses. The damage amount was $60,000, and the school had to close down for two days because there was no transportation. Another act of vandalism happened in OregonPage #3when a boy was upset about his semester grades. He brought explosives into the school office and destroyed his records and the records of all the other students. It cost $43,000 in repair for all the damages (Landau 81). Some teenagers dont get caught at what their doing out of their own intimidation behavior towards other teens. After they bully some kid or even hurt him, the victim may feel so intimidated and he will be scared to tell on him (Landau 80). The teenagers that do get caught sometimes end up doing whatever it is they were caught doing or doing something even worse. This happens because either, they get very little discipline or they are just so angry that they were caught they do the same thing again (or something even worse) out of anger (Landau 79). .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c , .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .postImageUrl , .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c , .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c:hover , .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c:visited , .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c:active { border:0!important; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c:active , .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3daa659a13f4ebc56781bd4ed2b525c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Abortion Pros And Cons EssayThe results of violence in schools can vary from requiring every student to have a picture ID, to installing an alarm system in every class. Some schools have locker checks without advising the students, undercover police come in, or even metal detectors installed at every entrance in the whole building. Proof that the metal detector works was demonstrated in California where 15 students were expelled for having guns in school. Before the installation of the metal detectors they hardly ever caught anyone with guns. Generally, schools need to bring in more security than ever needed before. Twice in Long Beach, California teens from outside the sc hool threw bottles and rocks at the schoolyard. Twice, students were fired on and a bullet hurt a boy playing basketball. As a result of these incidents the school built a 10-foot wall to protect students (Landau 80). Page #4Teenagers who are, once were or never were victims are constantly fear. The kids who are victims dont want to ever go school again because they are so scared. Every day they hope that they will get through the day without anything bad happening to them (Landau 79). Bob is a very good example of a boy who has once been a victim. Bobs school was in a neighborhood where no one suspected any abuse was happening. Although no one suspected it, it did happen. Three boys always cornered him and took turns hitting him. He got headaches and dizziness from this happening to him. As a result, he switched schools. Bob felt as if he was going into a boxing ring everyday. He had terrible nightmares, his grades dropped and he was always preparing for someone to hurt him. Bobs mom told the school what was being done to Bob and they didnt do anything. She sued the three boys, their parents and the school administration (Landau 77). A sixteen-year-old once said, You get used to it, and learn no t to leave anything around. I never wear my good watch on gym days (Landau 80). In Los Angeles, California undercover police had to enter the school system, in order for school to go on. 300 police have been in schools, 150 work undercover and the rest work in uniforms and drive police cars. All of them are armed and are ordered to bring any suspects to the local precinct (Landau 81). Teens who have never been victims are also very scared. Page #5They are scared that one day become victims. Their ability to learn is also affected greatly. Schools have changed dramatically from the 1940s to the 1990s. In the 1940s teenagers were in trouble for chewing gum, getting out of line, makingnoise and not throwing out garbage. In the 1900s teenagers get in trouble for drugs, abuse, rape, robbery and bombings (Landau 79). The Parent Teacher Association said, Over $600 million of vandalism is done in schools across America. This is more money than is spent on textbooks. Only the students loose from their own vandalism the tax dollars that they use on repairs could have towards their school, such as computers (Landau 81).Reducing or stopping teenage violence can be very difficult. But there are many ways to do it. One way is to stop the violence before by having in-school programs to teach students what is wrong and what is right (to the ones that really dont know). The schools can have classes to teach the parents good parenting skills, such as getting more involved with their childs schoolwork, programs and activities. Another idea is to have after school programs, just so the teenagers will not be out on the streets where they may be influenced to commit crimes or engage in violent activities. Rehabilitation programs are also a very good idea. Helping students become better kids (not doing violent t hings) does not only have to be done in school it can also be done outside of school, in synagogues, churches or programs in the local park. Family life, the things that occur in school and the neighborhoods that the teenagers live in are some of the Page #6major causes of teen violence in school. If the families, the schools (faculty) and the neighborhoods help these violent teenagers then in the future there wont be this problem anymore (or it will at least be reduced).